Article Overview
Tray splitter losses can be quantified as insertion and excess loss for optical splitters, or as field tray efficiency for chemical distillation splitters.
Optical Tray Splitters
Optical tray splitters are used in passive optical networks (PONs) to distribute fiber signals. Loss parameters are critical for ensuring signal quality:
- Insertion Loss: The ratio of optical power launched at the input to the power at a single output port. It includes both splitting loss and excess loss. For example, a 1×2 splitter typically has an insertion loss around 3.5 dB, while a 1×8 splitter may have 10–11 dB depending on the design .
- Excess Loss: The difference between the total input power and the sum of all output powers. It accounts for imperfections in the splitter and ensures total output is never higher than input .
- Typical Loss Table (approximate values for PLC splitters):
- 1×2: 3.5 dB
- 1×4: 7.0 dB
- 1×8: 10.5 dB
- 1×16: 13.5–14 dB
- 1×32: 17–18 dB Tray splitters can be pigtail type or adapter type, installed in 19” standard ODF or cabinets, and are designed to maintain fiber curvature and channel capacity . Testing is performed using an optical power meter and light source, following double-ended loss test procedures to ensure symmetry in attenuation .
Chemical Distillation Tray Splitters
In propylene or C3 splitters, tray efficiency is a key parameter affecting separation performance:
- Field Tray Efficiency: Represents the fraction of ideal separation achieved on a tray. Typical values for common distillation towers are:
- C2 & C3 Splitter: 85%
- Depropanizer: 75%
- Demethanizer: 65%
- Stabilizer: 80%
- Debutanizer: 80%
- Factors Affecting Efficiency:
- Tower pressure and geometry
- Flow rates and paths of vapor and liquid
- Composition and physical properties of streams
- Tray design and type (sieve, valve, bubble cap)
- Design Considerations: Proper tray spacing, downcomer sizing, and reflux ratio are essential to achieve near-equilibrium conditions and optimal efficiency .
Summary
- Optical tray splitters: Loss parameters are measured in dB, including insertion and excess loss, and vary with splitter ratio.
- Chemical tray splitters: Efficiency is expressed as a percentage of ideal separation, influenced by tower design, operating conditions, and tray type. Both types of tray splitters require careful design and testing to ensure performance meets operational requirements.
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