Article Overview
100G optical modules typically use PAM4 or NRZ modulation ICs combined with laser driver and photodiode receiver chips, often integrated in a QSFP28 module.
Key Components
Modulation ICs: Modern 100G optical modules, especially single-lambda designs, rely on PAM4 (Pulse Amplitude Modulation 4-level) chips to encode two bits per optical pulse, effectively doubling the data rate without increasing the optical bandwidth. Older 100G modules may use NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero) chips, which encode one bit per pulse . Laser Chips: The optical signal is generated using DFB (Distributed Feedback) lasers for single-mode fiber modules or VCSEL (Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser) arrays for multimode fiber modules. These lasers are driven by the modulation ICs to produce high-speed optical pulses . Photodiode Receiver Chips: On the receiving end, photodiode arrays convert the incoming optical signals back into electrical signals. These are paired with transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs) to maintain signal integrity at 25Gbps per channel in a four-lane QSFP28 module . Multiplexing/Demultiplexing Chips: For modules like CWDM4 or LR4, thin-film filter (TFF) WDM devices or silicon photonics modulators are used to combine or separate multiple wavelengths over a single fiber, enabling longer reach and higher spectral efficiency .
QSFP28 Architecture
A typical QSFP28 100G module contains four transmit and four receive lanes, each running at 25Gbps. The lanes are managed by high-speed serializer/deserializer (SerDes) ICs that interface with the host switch or router. The optical signals are then modulated by the PAM4 or NRZ ICs and transmitted via the laser chips .
Summary
In essence, a 100G optical module integrates several specialized chips:
- PAM4 or NRZ modulation ICs for encoding data
- Laser driver ICs controlling DFB or VCSEL lasers
- Photodiode receiver ICs with TIAs
- Multiplexing/demultiplexing chips for WDM modules
- SerDes ICs for electrical interface with the host system These components work together to achieve 100Gbps optical transmission over single-mode or multimode fibers, depending on the module type and distance requirements .
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